It seems counterintuitive that fewer 메이저 바카라 사이트s provide higher levels of satisfaction. But that's exactly what Elena Reutskaja, assistant professor of marketing at IESE, and Robin M. Hogarth, of Pompeu Fabra University, argue in their paper, "Satisfaction in 메이저 바카라 사이트 as a Function of the Number of Alternatives: When 'Goods Satiate' But 'Bads Escalate,"' a version of which was recently published in Psychology and Marketing.
The authors explore how satisfaction varies according to the number of alternatives in the 메이저 바카라 사이트 sets people face. The authors suggest that variety is beneficial and costly for people at the same time.
People like to have large varieties of products. However, when faced with too many 메이저 바카라 사이트s, we tend to vacillate and delay decisions, despite costly stoppage time. We want to have 31 options instead of six, but find it easier to choose one of six than one of 31.
The authors plot satisfaction derived from 메이저 바카라 사이트 as an inverted U-graph, which reaches its apex somewhere between too many 메이저 바카라 사이트s and too few 메이저 바카라 사이트s.
The authors update past studies, which have always favored 메이저 바카라 사이트 in terms of satisfaction, by testing intermediate size sets of options and providing explanation of why people prefer intermediate sets to sets containing either few or many options. Most studies have pitted one to six 메이저 바카라 사이트s against 25+ 메이저 바카라 사이트s, leaving an intermediate gap that the authors consider fundamental and conclusively more satisfying. The authors emphasize the need for an explicit explanation for knowing how much 메이저 바카라 사이트 is "enough."
The authors have one main objective: to test the inverted-U shape of satisfaction in four experimental studies. However, several side points are revealed along the way. For example, the authors manipulate the perceptual costs of information processing, and demonstrate how this affects the satisfaction function. They show that satisfaction when choosing from any given set is diminished if people are made aware of the existence of other 메이저 바카라 사이트 sets. Finally, they provide new insight into the role of individual differences in 메이저 바카라 사이트 satisfaction in relation to gender and culture.
In a series of experiments carried out with men and women from a variety of cultures, the authors asked participants to choose between gift boxes presented in different set sizes. They found that, indeed, the greatest level of satisfaction, both with the final 메이저 바카라 사이트 and with the decision-making process, was reached when people chose from an intermediate number of alternatives (10 or 15) as opposed to large (30 items) or small (six items) 메이저 바카라 사이트 sets.
메이저 바카라 사이트 satisfaction is also based on the visual aspect of the 메이저 바카라 사이트s -- whether items are presented in different colors or shapes. Experts argue that people are more satisfied with 메이저 바카라 사이트s from large sets when alternatives differ in color as opposed to shape.
For the purposes of this study, the authors focused on the tasks involved in making the 메이저 바카라 사이트, rather than solely on perceptions about the 메이저 바카라 사이트s themselves. They also conceptualized the costs and benefits of the 메이저 바카라 사이트 from a situational perspective (the amount of time it takes the person to make the decision) as well as from a psychological perspective (the cognitive costs of making a decision among different size sets). In this way, the study focused on what value the decision maker attributed to having more alternatives. At the same time, they noted differences in cost/benefit perceptions according to differences in gender and culture.
After conducting these experiments, the authors realized that when women chose from the different sets of gift boxes, on all levels, they were more satisfied than the men. The authors also found that Eastern Europeans were happier with 메이저 바카라 사이트s from larger 메이저 바카라 사이트 sets than Western Europeans. The complexity of the items in the sets was also reflected in satisfaction levels. For example, participants facing simple sets of 메이저 바카라 사이트s (where items differed on one attribute only) were more satisfied, both with the gift box and with the decision process, than those encountering complex 메이저 바카라 사이트 sets (where 메이저 바카라 사이트s differed on two attributes).
All this is not to say that large 메이저 바카라 사이트 sets put off consumers. But rather than offering a large variety to consumers, retailers should present a large variety in a smart way, so that consumers enjoy the benefits of having a large variety without losing satisfaction.
Plotting satisfaction as the function of variety reveals there is a fine line between too few and too many. On both sides of the inverted U, satisfaction falls, either from too few 메이저 바카라 사이트s or from entirely too many 메이저 바카라 사이트s. This leads to the question of whether there is a surefire number of 메이저 바카라 사이트s that will lead decision makers to an optimal satisfied state.
"It is important to note, however, that the peak of the function, or the highest 메이저 바카라 사이트 level, may not be a single point, but a range of alternatives," say the authors.
Using the same gift sets, the authors placed alternatives of different colors to test the consumer's visual preference. "People experience higher satisfaction when the alternatives in large 메이저 바카라 사이트 sets differ in color as opposed to shape." Therefore, when items in large sets differ in color as opposed to shape, people can deal with greater variety without losing satisfaction.
These findings have practical implications for people offering many 메이저 바카라 사이트s to customers, consumers or employees. By presenting alternatives that differ in color within large sets of 메이저 바카라 사이트s, businesses can create "comfortable" visual environments leading to improved satisfaction. Thus, the peak of satisfaction can be influenced by the visual presentation of the 메이저 바카라 사이트s.
The balance between perceived costs and benefits is essential to understanding where people derive satisfaction after making a decision. When a decision becomes more serious, one would expect people to want to see more 메이저 바카라 사이트s. Yet 메이저 바카라 사이트s of magnitude induce greater psychological costs, as people become more concerned about knowing the preferences, along with the potential regret of making errors.
Luckily, choosing a flavor of ice cream is not a matter of life or death. But determining how much 메이저 바카라 사이트 is too much is certainly one rocky road.
A version of this article was originally published by IESE Insight()
